The Aztecs did have their own story surrounding Quetzalcoatl becoming one of the brothers. 9 Facts About Quetzalcoatl. The worship of a feathered serpent deity is first document in Teotihuacan in the first century BCE or first century CE. Each represented a color and a cardinal direction, with Quetzalcoatl being the only god that wasnt related to war or human sacrifice. This, it is believed, explains why he was looking inwards to the city. In his aspect as Quetzalcoatl Ehcatl he was the benign god of wind, who brought rains for crops and who brought back the bones of humankind from the underworld, allowing for the resurrection of the species. Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca may have been worshiped as early as 10,000 BC. Mayans had deities with feathered serpent as their names. After Topiltzin's exile, Toltec power began to decline. Ashamed, Quetzalcoatl left Tula and headed east, eventually reaching the Gulf Coast. His appearance can change drastically, however, depending on the region, era, and context. Aztec Gods Quetzalcoatl Tezcatlipoca Quetzalcoatl occupied a unique position in the Aztec pantheon and was considered one of the most important gods. The domestication of corn in Mesoamerica, about 10,000 years ago, is referred to as humanitys greatest achievement when it comes to agriculture. Incest is nothing new in mythology, but seducing a celibate priestess might be. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Carrasco's work was revised in 2000, and the new edition provides a valuable overview of the controversy about Cortes and Quetzalcoatl. For the giant pterosaur, see, God of life, light and wisdom, lord of the day and the winds. He was casually sitting on a couple of clouds to water the earth below, which wasnt all that inhabited by humans as of yet. Among the Aztecs, it was related to wind, Venus, Sun, merchants, arts, crafts, knowledge, and learning. The god in human form taught them to cultivate corn seeds, to work with jade, gold and obsidian, how to dye cotton, the art of astronomy, he enriched their writing, promoted the worship of the gods and forbade human sacrifices, teaching them self-sacrifice by pricking themselves with maguey thorns instead. Manage Settings When he arrived, he took exactly one grain of corn back to the Aztec people.This very grain allowed the Aztec people to cultivate and harvest the corn plant in their own territory. In the Codex's description of the first meeting between Moctezuma and Corts, the Aztec ruler is described as giving a prepared speech in classical oratorial Nahuatl, a speech which, as described in the codex written by the Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagn and his Tlatelolcan informants, included such prostrate declarations of divine or near-divine admiration as: You have graciously come on earth, you have graciously approached your water, your high place of Mexico, you have come down to your mat, your throne, which I have briefly kept for you, I who used to keep it for you. The first keeper of written records, he was patron of the Calmecac, a school for noble children who learned to paint histories and astrology, as well as practice the art of war. Therefore, deities that were related to the more violent realms also became more important. That is, according to the Aztecs. The God Quetzalcoatl definitely has a link of some sort to this hero. In general, he is considered the god of wisdom, the god of the Aztec ritual calendar, the god of corn and maize, and oftentimes a symbol of death and resurrection.The different roles of Quetzalcoatl are partly attributable to a series of reincarnations. Worship of Quetzalcoatl can be traced back to as early as the Teotihuacan civilization, a prominent urban center that peaked between the 3rd to 8th centuries CE. The Name Quetzalcoatl [24], According to another version of the myth, Quetzalcoatl is one of the four sons of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, the four Tezcatlipocas, each of whom presided over one of the four cardinal directions. After the first sun, Quetzalcoatl attacked his brother with a stone club, which caused Tezcatlipoca to command that his jaguars eat all of the people. It shows the first signs of a feathered serpent cult amongst ancient civilizations of the region. It is believed by the Aztec religion expert that the deity arose from the combination of the historical leader, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, and a Mesoamerican god. [11] That period lies within the Late Preclassic to Early Classic period (400 BC 600 AD) of Mesoamerican chronology; veneration of the figure appears to have spread throughout Mesoamerica by the Late Classic period (600900AD). Quetzalcoatl's opposite was Tezcatlipoca, who supposedly sent Quetzalcoatl into exile. The following morning, he ordered his servants to build him a stone coffin. ; (2) a god of the winds, the sun, and the planet Venus; (3) the cultural hero and expected "messiah" of the pre-Columbian Mexicans; and (4) a god-hero who served as patron of the arts . The title of the twin Aztec high priests wasnt just Quetzalcoatl. He appears seated in Omnipotence City of the gods, where all major deities are located, during an announcement from leader of the gods, Zeus. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. [14], The name Quetzalcoatl comes from the Nahuatl language and means "Precious serpent" or "Quetzal-feathered Serpent". In his form as Ehecatl he is the wind, and is represented by spider monkeys, ducks, and the wind itself. In tracing the history of the worship of Quetzalcoatl, it is necessary to go back to the dawn of Mesoamerican civilization. In the Maya area he was approximately equivalent to Kukulkan and Gukumatz, names that also roughly translate as "feathered serpent" in different Mayan languages. Among these Mesoamerican gods, Quetzalcoatl was also one of the oldest. According to one version, Quetzalcoatl was born to a virgin called Chimalman to whom god Onteol appeared in a dream. The east is represented by Xipe Totec who is the Red Tezcatlipoca and the god of gold and farming. The Coatlicue sculpture in Mexico City's National Museum of Anthropology is one of the most famous Mexica (Aztec) sculptures in existence (her name is pronounced "koh-at-lee-kway"). In Aztec culture, depictions of Quetzalcoatl were fully anthropomorphic. Answer (1 of 6): So you have decided to dedicate your life and afterlife to the Prince of Pleasure. Ququmatz Also written as Gukumatz, this name belonged to the Kiche Maya. There was one way that would certainly work, namely by letting it rain so abundantly that the snake simply drifted out of the cave. He was a creator deity having contributed essentially to the creation of mankind. However, later sources uncover that already a year before him a similar figure dwelled in the lands of the Aztec territory. It is said that he is called the god of wind, spirit of rain, the god of culture, and the . The trip was far from easy, but Quetzalcoatl was able to complete it. Quetzalcoatl was the Aztec version of this plumed snake archetype. A famous Olmec stone carving, La Venta Monument 19, clearly shows a man seated in front of a feathered serpent. His Roots Go Back as Far as the Ancient Olmec, Quetzalcoatl May Be Based on a Historical Person, Quetzalcoatl Had Many Different Appearances, His Association With the Conquistadors Was Likely Made Up. Based on this narrative, Quetzalcoatl is often cited as the Creator in the Aztec mythology. Quetzalcoatl is not a religious symbol in the Latter-day Saint faith, and is not taught as such, nor is it in their doctrine that Quetzalcoatl is Jesus. While Quetzalcoatl is widely related by historians to just one of the five suns, it seems like the first four suns also had quite a bit to do with the Feathered Serpent. Actually, the Aztec god is often regarded as one of the most worshiped characters in the Aztec religion. 1. This, too, meant the end of the god Quetzalcoatl. This confederacy engaged in almost seventy-five years of nearly continuous conflict with the Aztec Empire of the Triple Alliance until the arrival of Corts. Mexico's flagship airline Aeromxico has a Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner painted in a special Quetzalcoatl livery. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Known as the Ehecailacozcatl, its swirling design represents the wind. He is also a god of learning, reading, and books. The next morning, Quetzalcoatl, feeling shame and regret, had his servants build him a stone chest, adorn him in turquoise, and then, laying in the chest, set himself on fire. Over the South presides the Blue Tezcatlipoca, Huitzilopochtli, the god of war. In some versions of the ancient Mesoamerican histories, Quetzalcoatl was reborn as Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli after being burned on a funeral pyre. When he started to pay attention to what he was watering, Tlaloc saw a cave full of snakes that were eagerly sipping on his water. Every reincarnation story seems to come with its proper birth story, but there is one story that stands out. His job was to protect the sun from the dangers of the underworld. It is believed that the Feathered Serpent was responsible for all of it. Mainly because they thought one of them was the reincarnation of the beloved god discussed in this article. Continue with Recommended Cookies. [20] Historian Enrique Florescano - also analyzing Teotihuacan iconography - argues that the Feathered Serpent was part of a triad of agricultural deities: The feathered serpent was furthermore connected to the planet Venus because of this planet's importance as a sign of the beginning of the rainy season. The Aztecs werent a big fan of chronological order and shook up the world of the gods. Well, if you go to central Mexico you wouldnt have a very hard time finding some. Quetzalcoatl wears around his neck the breastplate ehcaczcatl, "the spirally voluted wind jewel". Besides giving life to people, Quetzalcoatl also allowed humans to survive. To these people, who continued to work with the Spanish to expand their territory, the arrival of Corts did lead to the return of Quetzalcoatl. All but one. He was worshiped among all the major cultures of the Mesoamerican region through history. The city of Cholula, in particular, was known for the importance it laid on the deity of the feathered serpent. As shown by his spiral jewel, Quetzalcoatl was a god of wind. The meaning of his name is "Winged Serpent" or "Feathered Serpent". After a slapstick-style chase scene, Xavier winds up as the Sun God and commits "sacricide" (sacrificial suicide), ending the skit. Nor would he be seen as the reincarnation of the Feathered Serpent god.Indeed, the Aztecs were quick to figure out the nature of the visit of the Spaniards. [45][46] The deity has been featured as a character in the manga and anime series Yu-Gi-Oh! Throughout Mesoamerican culture, they practiced human sacrifice and ritual cannibalism to placate this god. Because of this, the latest reincarnation of Quetzalcoatl would come to earth to do exactly that. To this day, new depictions of the creator deity can be found in Mexico. The archaeological record shows that after the fall of Teotihuacan that marked the beginning of the epi-classic period in Mesoamerican chronology around 600 AD, the cult of the feathered serpent spread to new religious and political centers in central Mexico, centers such as Xochicalco, Cacaxtla and Cholula. Quetzalcoatl is a form of one of Mesoamericas most wide-spread images. (2020, August 28). His name in many cultures translated to Feathered Serpent and he was depicted in many iconographic illustrations. There is no question that the legend of Quetzalcoatl played a significant role in the colonial period. Hernan Cortes, who led the Spaniards, was first invited into the city by Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II. To create humans, Quetzalcoatl had to go into the Underworld and collect some bones. Quetzalcoatl appears in many ancient Mesoamerican codices, sculptures and reliefs. Human worship. His form of reincarnation, more specifically, would be that of a white person with a long beard. The temple can be found at Teotihuacan and was erected in the third century. Spanish writers of the 16th century claimed that Hernn Corts was hailed as the reincarnation of Quetzalcoatl when he arrived in Mexico in 1519. Because, if they did include human sacrifice, basically a part of Quetzalcoatl himself would be killed in order to honor him. This idea of return stemmed from a supposed speech given by Montezuma, the Aztec ruler, to Corts when the Spanish arrived at Tenochtitlan. Although probably not exactly a depiction of the same feathered-serpent deity worshipped in classic and post-classic periods, it shows the continuity of symbolism of feathered snakes in Mesoamerica from the formative period and on, for example in comparison to the Maya Vision Serpent shown below. In fact, he flew straight into it, leading to a total eclipse. Quetzalcoatl occupied a unique position in the Aztec pantheon and was considered one of the most important gods. So Quetzalcoatl is named after the thing he looks like, a feathered serpent deity. In the modern era, however, many aspects of this legend have come into question. Furthermore, he saw the Quetzal birds flying in the sky, which was also something he had never seen before. Xolotl was the sinister god of monstrosities who wears the spirally-twisted wind jewel and the ear ornaments of Quetzalcoatl. In the post-classic Nahua civilization of central Mexico (Aztec), the worship of Quetzalcoatl was ubiquitous. In sculptures adorning temples throughout ancient Mexico, he generally appeared as a plumed serpent, although sometimes he had human features as well. In it, Montezuma welcomed the foreigner to take his throne which I have briefly kept for you.. During the epi-classic period, a dramatic spread of feathered serpent iconography is evidenced throughout Mesoamerica, and during this period images begin to figure prominently at sites such as Chichn Itz, El Tajn, and throughout the Maya area. Archaeological sites in Mexico City have street addresses, not GPS coordinates, as sites tend to elsewhere. With the importance of the snake and bird for Aztec and Mayan culture in mind, it goes without saying that there are many depictions of feathered serpents in ancient excavations. The ancient Olmec civilization lasted roughly from 1200 to 400 B.C. A lot of cultures such as the Maya, Toltecs, Aztecs, and many polities in Central Mexico used to worship the deity Quetzalcoatl during Postclassic period. The attributes of Quetzalcoatl varied in different cultures of Mesoamerica during different eras. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/facts-about-quetzalcoatl-2136322. In art, he is represented by various animal symbols such as quetzals, rattlesnakes, crows, and macaws. [19] The most important center was Cholula, where the world's largest pyramid was dedicated to Quetzalcoatl-worship. According to Toltec and Maya accounts, Ce Acatl Topiltzn Quetzalcoatl lived in Tula for a while before a dispute with the warrior class over human sacrifice led to his departure. Quetzalcoatl played many roles in ancient Aztec mythology, so its difficult to pin down just one. The only snake that wasnt so eager was afraid of the light, or so the myth goes. The worship of Quetzalcoatl became widespread with the rise of the Toltec civilization around 900 A.D. and spread throughout the region, even down to the Yucatan peninsula where it caught on with the Maya. The first one, Huitzilopochtli, was one of the Tezcatlipoca brothers and the embodiment of the expansion of the empire. To both Teotihuacan and Maya cultures, Venus was in turn also symbolically connected with warfare.[21]. Quetzalcoatl is but one of the Aztec gods and goddesses that has animal-like characteristics. As indicated, Quetzalcoatl would be depicted in a human form after the year 1200. Aztec ceremonies often lasted several days . In some areas, however, it was believed that Quetzalcoatl opposed such sacrifices. As the morning star, he was known by the title Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, meaning "lord of the star of the dawn". Quetzalcoatl was a deity which was a part of the pantheon of most Mesoamerican civilisations. In the era following the 16th-century Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, a number of records conflated Quetzalcoatl with Ce Acatl Topiltzin, a ruler of the mythico-historic city of Tollan. [44], Quetzalcoatl was fictionalized in the 1982 film Q as a monster that terrorizes New York City. To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper, use: Maup van de Kerkhof, "Quetzalcoatl: The Feathered Serpent Deity of Ancient Mesoamerica", History Cooperative, February 13, 2023, https://historycooperative.org/quetzalcoatl/. Most probably, this would represent another serpent deity by the name of Huitzilopochtli. Finally, the north is represented by the god who is only known as Tezcatlipoca or the Black Tezcatlipoca. The History of Guns, Greek Mythology: Stories, Characters, Gods, and Culture, Aztec Mythology: Important Stories and Characters, Greek Gods and Goddesses: Family Tree and Fun Facts, Roman Gods and Goddesses: The Names and Stories of 29 Ancient Roman Gods, How Quetzalcoatl Created and Sustained Humans, How Quetzalcoatl Became Part of the Tezcatlipocas, Aztec and Maya Serpent Imagery of Quetzalcoatl, Water Gods and Sea Gods From Around the World, Sun Gods: Ancient Solar Deities From Around the World, 10 Gods of Death and the Underworld From Around the World, Herne the Hunter: Spirit of Windsor Forest, Sif: The Golden-Haired Goddess of the Norse, iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order, US History Timeline: The Dates of Americas Journey, Ancient Civilizations Timeline: 16 Oldest Known Cultures From Around The World, Why Are Hot Dogs Called Hot Dogs? The two priests came to their position after living an exemplary life, with pure and compassionate hearts. This is largely due to the story that the Aztec king welcomed Hernn Corts, the Spanish conquistador, as the reincarnation of the god. At the end of the fourth cycle, when mankind had perished again according to the mythology, Quetzalcoatl created a new people with his blood. iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order After the first four ages of man ended, the feathered serpent stole their bones from the Underworld and used his own blood to give them new life. Like most Mesoamerican gods, he was shown with a standard set of attributes. Amazed by the grace and beauty of the birds, the snake decided his destiny was to fly like them. In 1519, Hernn Corts and his ruthless band of audacious conquistadors conquered the Aztec Empire, taking Emperor Montezuma captive and sacking the grand city of Tenochtitln. There is a beautiful platform temple to Quetzalcoatl at Xochicalco, and Cholula eventually became known as the home of Quetzalcoatl, attracting pilgrims from all over ancient Mexico. Having been in awe of the sun and its light, the snake decided to fly toward the sun. [need quotation to verify] Codex drawings pictured both Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl wearing an ehcaczcatl around the neck. In the underworld, Quetzalcoatl went all the way to Mictln; the lowest region of the Aztec underworld. Ehecailacozcatl, its swirling design represents the wind, Venus was in also! Depictions of Quetzalcoatl varied in different cultures of Mesoamerica during different eras and beauty of how to worship quetzalcoatl of. Century BCE or first century BCE or first century CE eventually reaching the Gulf Coast east is represented by monkeys... A form of one of the sun and its light, the snake decided to dedicate your life and to! Painted in a cookie some versions of the expansion of the Aztec and... 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