name of “The Great Plague of Marseille.” 1. As a result of his endeavours he was appointed premier physician to Louis XV and Chancellor of the University of Montpellier. When the virus does cause symptoms, common ones include low-grade fever, body aches, coughing, nasal congestion, runny nose, and sore throat. She also travels to Marseille to investigate astonishing new research that overturns the long-held belief that rats and their fleas were responsible for spreading the Great Plague. The city council of Marseilles established a sanitation board, whose members were to be drawn from the city council and the doctors of the city. His captain informed the authorities that he had 8 dead on board. During a two-year period, 50,000 of Marseille's total population of 90,000 died. No doubt, Mombasa leaders are anxious about the rising Covid- 19 cases. [4], Even a clean bill of health for a ship required a minimum of 18 days' quarantine at the off-island location. Portrait of Francois Chicoyneau: Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine. His study has demonstrated not only the extent of the mortality but also its modality: not all of Provence was affected, but only those towns that lay along trade routes. The people of Marseilles buy contraband cloth from the sailors, so coming into contact with them. [3], The sanitation board was one of the first executive bodies formed by the city of Marseille. Justinian I is often credited as the most influential Byzantine emperor, but his reign also coincided with one of the first well-documented outbreaks of plague. 1820 – The First Cholera Pandemic – By 1820, cholera had spread to Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines. A double line of fifteen-foot walls ringed the whitewashed compound, pierced on the waterside to permit the offloading of cargo from lighters. At the end of the plague of 1580, the people at Marseilles took dramatic steps towards the future spread of disease. Estimates indicate an overall death rate of between 25 and 50% for the population in the larger area, with the city of Marseille at 40%, the area of Toulon at above 50%, and the area of Aix and Arles at 25%. (1721) A Succinct Account of the Plague at Marseilles, Its Symptoms, and the Methods and Medicines used for Curing it. It is not surprising that the focus on Edward Worth’s collection was on the 1720 plague of Marseilles: it was the last great European plague, it was the greatest plague of his own lifetime and, finally, it was the cause of an explosion of plague literature both in France and England. [8], Out of 1,200 volunteers and prisoners deployed to fight the plague, only three survived. Plague resurged throughout Europe leading to continued high mortality and social unrest over the next three centuries. It was a reactive gesture, for as Biraben (1968) has demonstrated, by that date the plague had already spread as far as Aix and Apt. To mark the 300th anniversary of the School of Medicine in Trinity College, Dublin, the Worth Library web exhibition for the year 2011 is on the theme of infectious diseases. Chicoyneau’s tracts were all written in French, indicating that they not only had an intended medical audience but also a lay audience who might, especially in times of plague, be left to care for the sick themselves. The events that followed are remembered in history under the name of “The Great Plague of Marseille.” 1 1720: The Plague Devastates Marseille, a Rich but Vulnerable City. This multidisciplinary approach revealed previously unknown facts and insights concerning the epidemic of 1722. Powerful city merchants wanted the silk and cotton cargo of the ship for the great medieval fair at Beaucaire and pressured authorities to lift the quarantine. The plague hits Marseille, Paris and Normandy, and then the strain splits, with one strain moving onto the now-Belgian city of Tournai to the east and the other passing through Calais. The plague spread to the rest of Provence fairly quickly, and ravaged the local towns of Aix Toulon and and Arles before finally fizzling out in 1722. Worth collected a host of works on some of the most important early modern diseases: Plague, Smallpox, Syphilis, Tuberculosis and Fevers. The Great Plague of Marseille Here is a small overview of the damage the pandemic had – It arrived in France in 1720 and claimed the lives of over 100,000 people across two years until 1722. For two long years, the scourge punished the city and region. With several known cases of the plague on board, the merchant ship was promptly placed under quarantine by port authorities. This happened despite the country being ready for such outbreaks. It killed a total of 100,000 people in the city of Marseille, France. The highest estimates claim that about half of the population of Marseille succumbed to the plague. The plague of Marseille from 1720 is a historical episode marking, always present in the collective memory of the Marseillais. MARSEILLE, FRANCE—Researchers have reconstructed the genome of the Yersinia pestis pathogen that caused the Great Plague of Marseille, which lasted from 1720 to … The health commissioners impound the ship’s merchandise and quarantine the passengers and crew in a lazaretto on an island in the middle of the port. The Great Plague. Marseille during the Great Plague of 1720. The most famous historical pandemic, the Black Death, killed an estimated 30-50% of the European population in the mid-fourteenth century. Not all plague victims bore the characteristic buboes. The newly established sanitation board made a series of recommendations to maintain the health of the city. The last word, ‘dead’, is omitted today. Hospitals were quickly overwhelmed, and residents panicked, driving the sick from their homes and out of the city. The criteria for the lazarets were ventilation (to drive off what was thought to be the miasma of disease), be near the sea to facilitate communication and pumping of water to clean, and to be isolated yet easily accessible. [8], On 16 September 1720, Roze personally headed a 150-strong group of volunteers and prisoners to remove 1,200 corpses in the poor neighbourhood of the Esplanade de la Tourette. These symptoms include fever, headaches, and vomiting. July, August and September, the hottest months and therefore the most propitious for the spread of bubonic plague, which was climatically determined, saw the deaths rise to incredible heights: the inability to clear the dead in turn exacerbated the conditions for the living, already weakened by lack of food. The Edward Worth Library (1733), Arriving in Marseille, France in 1720, the disease killed a total of 100,000 people: 50,000 in the city during the next two years and another 50,000 to the north in surrounding provinces and towns. The city council of Marseille established a sanitation board, whose members were to be drawn from the city council as well as the doctors of the city. The highest estimates claim that about half of the population of Marseille succumbed to the plague. These symptoms include fever, headaches, and vomiting. The Great Plague of Marseille Here is a small overview of the damage the pandemic had – It arrived in France in 1720 and claimed the lives of over 100,000 people across two years until 1722. The plague hits Marseille, Paris and Normandy, and then the strain splits, with one strain moving onto the now-Belgian city of Tournai to the east and … Botany The Great Plague of Marseille was the last major outbreak of bubonic plague in western Europe. Evidently at this stage of the plague, the chief agency was human, for transmission by a wild rodent population would have led to a far different picture emerging. Due largely to a trade monopoly with the Levant, this important port had a large stock of imported goods in warehouse… The lazarettos were also classified in relation to bills of health given to the ship and individuals. 2020-03-30T04:12:21.474Z. And ‘tis computed, that (in all) about 80,000 are dead of the Plague, 2 Thirds of which are observed to be Women, most of ‘em with Child, whose died of the Infection after Miscarriages or Lying-in, purely for Want of Help. The events that followed are remembered in history under the name of “The Great Plague of Marseille.” 1. That is like 10million people dying in Lagos. This account of the advent and course of plague at Marseilles in 1720 highlights the full impact of plague on this prosperous city, the most important port of France. The Great Plague of Marseilles – dead bodies littering the streets of Marseille. [7] Due largely to Marseille's monopoly on French trade with the Levant, this important port had a large stock of imported goods in warehouses. It started in Marseille and was later called “The Great Plague of Marseille.” The researchers estimated the number of deaths as 100,000. Drawn up and presented to the Governor and Magistrates of Marseilles, by M. Chicoyneau, Verney and Soullier… (London). 6 Devastating Plagues Take a look back at six of the most infamous outbreaks of the disease once known as the “Great Mortality.”Evan Andrews 1. Dr Steevens' Hospital : A History Despite the cordon, the plague spread to surrounding areas, and conditions continued to deteriorate in Marseilles when residents ran out of food, inciting riots. 2020-03-30T04:12:21.474Z. The Great Plague. The arrival of the infection from outside (via a port). [6] In 1720, Yersinia pestis arrived at the port of Marseille from the Levant upon the merchant ship Grand-Saint-Antoine. The plague was only finally brought under control in 1666 when the Great Fire of London burned down the areas most affected by plague - the city slums inhabited by the poor The events that followed are remembered in history under the name of The Great Plague of Marseille. The plague that hit England in 1665 was the bubonic plague and as early as 1353, Boccaccio wrote about the classic symptoms associated with the Bubonic Plague: “The first sign of the plague was that swellings appeared in the groin or the armpits. Mathematics Infectious Diseases Members of the board inspected all incoming ships and gave them one of three "bills of health". It was the disease behind the Black Death of the 14th century, when as much as one-third of Europe’s population died. The ship left Sidon in Lebanon, picked up people at Tripoli, and Cyprus which already had infection outbreak. Strong with his experience from Greece, he was made General Commissioner for the Rive-Neuve neighbourhood. Plague at Marseilles, 1720: Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine. His captain informed the authorities that he had 8 dead on board. Plague, infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a bacterium transmitted from rodents to humans by the bite of infected fleas. In short, the Calamity is so bad, that the Poor can hardly get even Water, because none will go near them. From 1720 until 1722, the French region of Provence and parts of Languedoc suffered an epidemic of plague (both bubonic and pneumonic manifestations of Yersinia pestis) which arrived from the Levant.Traditionally, this event has been known as the Great Plague of Marseille, but as this fails to capture the epidemic’s extent beyond Marseille, it is probably better referred to as … Astronomy During such time, the crew would be held in one of the lazarettos/lazarets that were constructed around the city. It was the disease behind the Black Death of the 14th century, … At the end of the plague of 1580, the people at Marseille took dramatic measures to attempt to control the future spread of disease. Marseille suffered from epidemics of the European Black Death in 1348 (recurring intermittently until 1361), in 1580 and 1582, and in 1649–1650. For two long years, the scourge punished the city and region. Whether Worth agreed with Chicoyneau is difficult to say: he was certainly interested in his works and collected a number of medical tracts connected to the University of Montpellier. [10] The excavation provided an opportunity to study more than 200 skeletons from an area in the second arrondissement in Marseille, known as the Monastery of the Observance. Despite the financial difficulties of the heavily indebted city of Marseille since the end of the 17th century, Marseille trade is booming after a momentary crisis resulting from the Treaty of Rastatt signed in 1714 putting an end to the war of succession of Spain. A woodcut showing the Bishop of Marseille during the Great Plague of Provence Hulton Archive/Getty Images. The plague spread to many parts of England. In half an hour, the corpses were thrown into open pits that were then filled with lime and covered with soil. The fair of Beaucaire was held annually on the right bank of the Rhône, 82 km from Marseille. One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu-like symptoms develop. Mass graves were dug but were quickly filled. The first public hospital of Marseille was also built during this time period and was given a full-sized staff of doctors and nurses. Arriving in Marseille, France in 1720, the disease killed a total of 100,000 people: 50,000 in the city during the next two years and another 50,000 to the north in surrounding provinces and towns. By its control three years later, only half the city population remained. [citation needed], Attempts to stop the spread of plague included an Act of the Parlement of Aix that levied the death penalty for any communication between Marseille and the rest of Provence. It likewise echoes many of the elements known from plague epidemics elsewhere in Europe in the medieval and early modern period: The account also highlights the tardiness of the authorities in dealing with the plague, for what exacerbated the Marseilles plague of 1720, the last great plague of western Europe, were the initial lax quarantine arrangements and the delay in effecting a cordon sanitaire around the city. Interestingly, Chicoyneau placed far for emphasis on the psychological aspect of plague: the battle against the disease, in his view, lay not in an imaginary line in the countryside, aimed at keeping the illness at bay, but in the very minds of the afflicted. (Credit: Walters Art Museum) Justinian I is often credited as the most influential Byzantine emperor, but his reign also coincided… The subsequent social breakdown and the class-related nature of mortality: the rich could take the age-old advice ‘cito, longe, tarde’: to ‘flee, stay away for long and be slow in returning’, leaving the poor behind to cope with illness, unemployment and famine. 1720, the plague of Marseille - The story . He had, for example, a very different view of the nature of plague, than his English counterpart Richard Mead, whose seminal work on plague, written in reaction to the outbreak at Marseilles, was likewise collected by Worth. Unfortunately, it didn’t stop there. They not only prevented the plague from reaching other areas of France but also sent money and physicians to Marseilles and the surrounding afflicted areas. Arriving in Marseille, France in 1720, the disease killed a total of 100,000 people: 50,000 in the city during the next two years and another 50,000 to the north in surrounding provinces and towns.[1]. The wall was built of dry stone, 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high and 70 cm (28 in) thick, with guard posts set back from the wall. On July 9, 1720, Dr. Peyssonel, who worked in Marseille, reported the case of a child with plague symptoms who resided on the square called “Place de Linche”. Of the initial population of 90,000 some 39,334 people died. Plague has caused some of the most-devastating epidemics in history. In 1720, the plague bacillus yersinia pestis arrived at the port of Marseille from Syria. Chicoyneau and his colleague, Verny, both members of the prestigious medical faculty of the University of Montpellier, verified on 17 August that the disease was indeed the plague and set to helping plague victims at Marseilles. 1720, the plague of Marseille - The story . 21 June First suspicious death in the town after an illness of 2 days. It reached the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 541 A.D., and was soon claiming up to 10,000 lives per day—so … The organism that causes plague, Yersinia pestis, lives in small rodents found most commonly in rural and semirural areas of Africa, Asia and the United States. Surgery. This is an English translation of a tract of which Worth had a number of copies. To enforce this separation, a plague wall, or mur de la peste, was erected across the countryside. The Magistrates have been assisted with 500 Galley Slaves to clear the Streets of the Dead; yet there are still above 3000 dead Bodies that lie about the Streets unburied, which cause an intolerable Stench. His publications were not, it must be said, at the cutting edge of plague analysis. Interactive complex of economic, social, political, and biological parameters led to the Great Plague of Marseille. This type of plague spread from a bite caused by a … In the end, it did little good. The delegation also inspected all the cargo, crew and passengers, looking for signs of possible disease. Image from: Alamy. The exact founding date of the board is unknown, but its existence is first mentioned in a 1622 text of the Parliament of Aix. The Plague of Justinian Painting showing the plague in Constantinople. The boy’s family was quarantined. [citation needed]. Once the central government became aware of this alarming death-rate they were forthcoming with aid. It killed a total of 100,000 people in the city of Marseille, France. The pandemic is believed to have originated in Africa and then spread to Europe through infected rats on merchant ships. 3 June The Grand St Antoine and the three other ships are authorised to discharge their cargo in the roadstead. Plague sufferers experienced headaches, vomiting and fever. He established a quarantine by setting up checkpoints, and went as far as building gallows as a deterrence against looters. So that we, who were but 4 Months ago in so flourishing a Condition, are now overwhelm’d with Misery.’. This was the worst outbreak of plague … Dr Sicard was the first to diagnose the disease as the fearsome plague but others, such as Dr Bauzon, disagreed, arguing that it was yet another fever. [citation needed], This great outburst of plague was the last recurrence of a pandemic of bubonic plague, following the devastating episodes which began in the early fourteenth century; the first known instance of bubonic plague in Marseille was the arrival of the Black Death in the autumn of 1347. The presence of the buboes, the characteristic signs of bubonic plague would also suggest that the Marseilles plague was the last great bubonic plague in Europe. Marseille’s plague occasioned great panic, disrupting trade and affecting livelihoods. Newton On the island of Java alone, the outbreak caused the … Anon. For two long years, the scourge punished the city and region. The Great Plague of Marseille was the last major outbreak of bubonic plague in western Europe. 29 July Great increase in the number of deaths and emergency measures are introduced. Some people infected with the virus have no symptoms. He also had five large mass graves dug out, converted La Corderie into a field hospital, and organised distribution of humanitarian supply to the population. On May 5, 1720, a trade ship, named the Grand Saint Antoine and skippered by a Captain Jean-Baptiste Chataud, sailed into Marseille having just arrived from an area in the eastern Mediterranean known as Levant.When it docked, the Grand Saint Antoine had a black cloud hanging over it.Its previous attempt to dock at Livorno had been refused because of plague-like symptoms and … Some of the corpses were three weeks old and contemporary sources describe them as "hardly human in shape and set in movement by maggots". Signoli, Seguy, Biraben, Dutour & Belle (2002). He furthermore organised supply for the city itself. [citation needed], At the onset of the plague, Nicolas Roze, who had been vice-consul at a factory on the Peloponnese coast and dealt against epidemics there, proposed his services to the local authorities, the échevins. Letter written from Marseilles on 1 January 1721 and printed in The Great Bill of Mortality or, The late dreadful Plague at Marseilles (Bristol, 1721). Worth’s library holds no less than five tracts written by François Chicoyneau who had been sent to Marseilles after the civic authorities there had appealed to the Regent for assistance. Plague, infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a bacterium transmitted from rodents to humans by the bite of infected fleas. The Great Plague of Marseille was the last major outbreak of bubonic plague in western Europe. Citing the vast amount of misinformation that propagates during a plague, the sanitation board sought to, at a minimum, provide citizens with a list of doctors who were believed to be credible. In addition to protecting the city from exterior vulnerabilities, the sanitation board sought to build a public infrastructure. The crew and passengers were required to wait there for 50 to 60 days to see if they developed any sign of plague. If crew members were believed subject to a possibility of plague, they were sent to the more isolated quarantine site, which was built on an island off the coast of the Marseille harbour. By 2 October it was at Avignon, and steadily making its way through Provence and the Languedoc. 12 June One of the guards of the Grand St Antoine dies suddenly on board. The Great Plague of Marseilles – dead bodies littering the streets of Marseille. The anatomic techniques used appear to be identical to those described in a surgical book dating from 1708. 27 May Death of a sailor who had been ill for 3 days. Merchantmen were required to pass inspection at an island further out in the harbour, where crews and cargoes were examined. The highest estimates claim that about half of the population of Marseille succumbed to the plague. The rich and able are gone into the Country with all Manner of Provisions, and there is not a Church or Shop left open. Refused entry. The highest estimates claim that about half of the population of Marseille succumbed to the plague. Some of the swellings became as large as an apple, sometimes they were the size of an egg. [2], They established a bureaucracy to maintain the health of Marseille. [citation needed], If the ship passed that first test and there were no signs of disease, but the ship's itinerary included a city with documented plague activity, the ship was sent to the second tier of quarantine, at islands outside of Marseille harbour. The first element to blame for the Great Plague of Marseille is trading and the greed of ship owners. This was the worst outbreak of plague in England since the black death of 1348. 4. It was also expanding its trade with other areas of the Middle East and emerging markets in the New World. Undoubtedly the spread into the countryside was due to the delay in setting up a cordon – one which was only instituted on 1 August. This is corroborated by the presence of DNA sequences specific for Yersinia pestis in the dental pulp of plague victims buried at Marseilles in 1722 and may also, perhaps, be corroborated by the second wave of infection following the 40 day quarantine period (as Scott and Duncan point out, quarantine only affected humans, not rats!). [citation needed], When it arrived at Marseille, it was promptly placed under quarantine in the lazaret by the port authorities. "Small oversights that led to the Great Plague of Marseille (1720–1723): Lessons from the past", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Plague_of_Marseille&oldid=999036606, 18th-century deaths from plague (disease), Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 8 January 2021, at 05:12. 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