The elephant in the rhyme is said to be a reference to the original Republicans, party of Abraham Lincoln and abolitionism, jumping the fence, or crossing the Mason-Dixon Line, to help free the slaves. Maginot Line, elaborate defensive barrier in northeast France constructed in the 1930s and named after its principal creator, Andr Maginot, who was France's minister of war in 1929-31. So look for a guy on youtube called feedback gaming. Why did the French build the line? Her differing reactions to Pecola and the little white girl further this idea. The family does not pay Pauline the last bit of money they owe her. 5. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. Safety Quarters were built near the major fortifications so fortress (ouvrage) crews could reach their battle stations in the shortest possible time in the event of a surprise attack during peacetime. On 14 June 1940, the day Paris fell, the German 1st Army went over to the offensive in "Operation Tiger" and attacked the Maginot Line between St Avold and Saarbrcken. A middle-class Black woman who, though she keeps house flawlessly and diligently cares for the physical appearances of herself and her family (including her husband, Louis, and her son, Junior), is essentially cold. In the 17th century, from his luxurious palace at Versailles, Louis XIV oversaw the construction of citadels and fortresses meant to mark and protect the Sun King's territory. "Maginot Line" has acquired a secondary meaning: a defensive barrier or strategy that inspires a false sense of security, according to Merriam-Webster. She accepts everyone elses assumption that she is superior and is capable of both generosity and cruelty. Claudia's response reveals the injustice she feels with regard to the little girl's gesture, and the violent tendencies such feelings inspire. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. The problem was that Hitler and his generals abandoned the "static" style of WWI fighting for a far more mobile blitzkrieg attack that punched a hole into France through Belgium and the Netherlands. [46] Historians have pointed to numerous reasons for the French defeat: faulty strategy and doctrine, dispersion of forces, the loss of command and control, poor communications, faulty intelligence that provided excessive German numbers, the slow nature of the French response to the German penetration of the Ardennes and a failure to understand the nature and speed of the German doctrine. Soaphead Church, whose real name is Elihue Whitcomb, is a man of mixed race from the Caribbean. It is also possible that Miss Mary Mack comes from the slang meaning of mack for a "pimp" or "flirting," dating back to the late 1800s. Static defensive positions were therefore intended not only to buy time but to economise on men by defending an area with fewer and less mobile forces. High-voltage Transmission Lines, initially above-ground but then buried, and connected to the civil power grid, provided electric power to the many fortifications and fortresses. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. In a sense, the way the MacTeer girls read and misread the adult world echoes the Dick-and-Jane reader at the beginning of the novel. The hot pie filling burns Pecola's legs painfully, but when Mrs. Breedlove returns and sees the mess she runs to Pecola and backhands her, knocking the girl down. How long did it take to built the maginot line? | Although we are told that Cholly has no sense of fatherhood because he never knew his own parents (a statement which emphasizes social forces rather than Cholly's choices), we are also told repeatedly that Cholly is dangerously free. While Mrs. Breedlove goes to get the wash, a very young white girl appears and reacts with fear when she sees the three girls. Under the Treaty of Versailles, France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935. Built at a cost that possibly exceeded $9 billion in. When the little white girl asks Mrs. Breedlove who the black girls were, Mrs. Breedlove assures her that she doesn't need to know: "Hush. [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. This reassured allied civilians. Discount, Discount Code He is a religious hypocrite. Her family, looking for a better life, migrates from Alabama to Kentucky while she is a girl. As they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter The. The moment is painfully evoked: "There I was five months pregnant, trying to look like Jean Harlow, and a front tooth gone. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Without the natural defensive barrier provided by the Rhine River, French generals argued that France needed a new defensive barrier made of concrete and steel to replace it. She then comforts the little white girl and begins to clean the black stain off of her pink dress. Saltzman provided art director Syd Cain with a tour of the complex. His desire to poison the animal stems solely from his own hatred of the beast, and his racial self-loathing prevents him from offering any sound counsel to Pecola. The final line was strongest around the industrial regions of Metz, Lauter and Alsace, while other areas were, in comparison, only weakly guarded. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. Attacking on 10 May, German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May, when they stopped near Dunkirk. The way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in. Cholly refuses to give her money for better clothes, so she takes work housekeeping. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Bluest Eye. She reacts to the little white girl by soothing her, by promising to replace the cobbler, which shows both her own servitude and her preference for the white child over her own daughter. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. Claudia and Frieda run away and decide that even though Pecolas mother works on the other side of town, Friedas situation is dire enough that they should go find her. His rape of Pecola is motivated by hatredthe text says explicitly that he despises his daughter for loving him because he is painfully aware of his failures. [23], The Maginot Line was intended to block the main German blow if it should come via eastern France and divert it through Belgium, where French forces would meet and stop the Germans. But they still do not know what ruined means, and not understanding what makes the prostitute distasteful to their mother, they focus on what makes the prostitute distasteful to themher fatness. Because no human looks at her, she cannot conceive of her own worth and eventually loses the ability to maintain her own basic sense of identitySoaphead Church's use of Pecola for his own ends is the final step in the unraveling of her sanity. Pauline has few friends; other women look down at her because she is poorly dressed and speaks like a Southern black. The genius behind these innovative fortifications was Sbastien Le Prestre de Vauban, who designed dozens of strongholds, including the magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach in the contested Alsace-Lorraine region bordering Germany. for a group? French military experts believed the line would deter German aggression because it would slow an invasion force long enough for French forces to mobilise and counterattack. Infantry Casemates: These bunkers were armed with twin machine-guns (abbreviated as JM Jumelage de mitrailleuses in French) and anti-tank guns of 37 or 47mm (1.5 or 1.9in). Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. [18] Given the diplomatic situation in the late 1920s, the Quai d'Orsay informed the government that French military planning should be based on a worst-case scenario that France would fight the next war against Germany without the help of Britain or the United States. Want 100 or more? In January 1923, after Weimar Germany defaulted on reparations, the French Premier Raymond Poincar responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany's Ruhr region. The little white girl is dressed in delicate pink and has yellow hair. Struggling with distance learning? The term "Maginot Line" has become a part of the English language: "America's Maginot Line" was the title used for an Atlantic Magazine article about America's military bases in Asia. You can view our. He blames God for the suffering and waste in the world, particularly in his own life, and then he congratulates himself for having granted Pecola's wishhis magic, he believes, will work, although only Pecola will be able to see the blue eyes that she has been given. Contact us Please wait while we process your payment. The narrative then moves to the current story-line. Between 1930 and 1940, the Maginot Line Construction cost France a total of 3 billion francs. Narrow Gauge Railway System: A network of 600mm (.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1ft11+58in) narrow gauge railways was built to rearm and resupply the main fortresses (ouvrages) from supply depots up to 50km (31mi) away. Some of the larger ouvrages were converted to command centres. The secret German-Soviet cooperation started in 1921. There are several kinds of armoured cloches. Want 100 or more? She loses her tooth, Pauline tells us, while biting into a piece of candy at the movies. They argue had those troops been moved north, "it is possible that Heeresgruppe A's advance could have been blunted, giving time for Groupe d'armees 1 to reorganise". Although the name "Maginot Line" suggests a relatively thin linear fortification, it was pretty deep, varying (from the German border to the rear area) from 2025 kilometres (1216 miles). Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. Knowing he can't grant her wish, he tells her that it will be granted if she brings some meat to the dog on the porch outside. What does it communicate about the Breedlove household? On a Saturday in spring, Claudia goes inside and finds Frieda crying. Read an in-depth analysis of Claudia MacTeer. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. The lies about traveling with the prostitutes points to her desire to escape her abusive home and see the world. She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. on 50-99 accounts. Dont have an account? The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. "The Maginot Line was meant to stop a World War I-style attack of infantry and artillery, and it did what it was supposed to do," says Kirchubel, who's written multiple books on World War II military campaigns. Ouvrage Rochonvillers was retained by the French Army as a command centre into the 1990s but was deactivated following the disappearance of the Soviet threat. [4], Postwar assessment of whether the Maginot Line served its purpose has been mixed. She loses the job because Cholly shows up at her workplace drunk. Not affiliated with Harvard College. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! It is the Maginot Line. On 15 June, infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation "Small Bear", penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg. She finds Frieda upstairs crying. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? In contrast, Pecola spills blackish blueberries all over the floor, underlining the connection between blackness and mess. [19] Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War and their effect on the French population. Two telephone wires were placed parallel to the line of fortifications, providing redundancy in case a wire gets cut. Rosemary Villanucci [17] Versailles did not call for military sanctions in the event of the German military reoccupying the Rhineland or breaking Part V, while Locarno committed Britain and Italy to come to French aid in the event of a "flagrant violation" of the Rhineland's demilitarised status, it did not define what a "flagrant violation" would be. Pecolas fourteen-year-old brother, who copeswith his familys problems by running away fromhome. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. The passage is written with poetic tone, turning Blue Jack into something like a figure of myth, male and strong and holding up the watermelon so that it blocks out the sun. More scarring and memorable than any prior source in the novel, Pecolas own mother reinforces the message the girls have been receiving about the superiority of whites. Furious, Mrs. Breedlove sends the girls away and comforts the little white girl, who has begun to cry. The theme of love's scarcity can be seen in the treatment of Marie and the other prostitutes, whose names recall their vulnerable status. Pecola and the MacTeers leave the house in shame, laundry bag in tow, and as they leave they can hear Mrs. Breedlove fussing over the little white girl, who is crying. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. The main fortifications of the line were still mostly intact, many commanders were prepared to hold out, and the Italian advance had been contained. He doesn't poison the dog because he's terrified of personal contact with the animal. Soaphead Church proceeds to write a letter to God, in which he blames God for making the world badly. Don't worry none.". . In contrast, the propaganda about the line made it appear far greater a construction than it was; illustrations showed multiple storeys of interwoven passages and even underground rail yards and cinemas. [12], The great conclusion that was drawn in Paris after the Ruhrkampf and the 1924 London Conference was that France could not make unilateral military moves to uphold Versailles as the resulting British hostility to such moves was too dangerous to the republic. The three prostitutes are nice to her, which makes her love them.. Considered by many to be an expensive failure, a symbol of French . Born and raised in Georgia, Cholly is abandoned by his mother when four days old, and taken in by his Great Aunt Jimmy. As with his son Sammy, who is always running away from home, Cholly's gender gives him a degree of agency that Pecola and Pauline simply do not have. During peacetime, fortresses were only partly manned by full-time troops. The quest for whiskey and the girls' disdain for the Maginot Line show, once again, the esteem the girls have for their mother's opinion and her wisdom. After a long series of failures in his studies and migration, Elihue has settled in Lorrain and become the local fortune teller/sorcerer. Principal line of resistance: This line began 10km (6mi) behind the border. 2. Pecola, who calls the Maginot line by her true name, Miss Marie, explains that she is not dangerous. The prejudice and treatment that Pecola receives because of her skin color is called "colorism," a sister type of discrimination that has only recently been studied and researched. Then another neighbor, Miss Dunion, came in and suggested that they take Frieda to the doctor because she might be ruined, a fear that now makes Frieda weep. Having suffered early humiliations, he takes out his frustration on the women in his life. The Germans then broke through the fortification line as defending French forces retreated southward. The protagonist of the novel, an eleven-year-old Black girl who believes that she is ugly and that having blue eyes would make her beautiful. The enemy's position would be communicated to a cluster of 78 fire control stations that coordinated the French defense from hilltop outposts. The doctors dehumanize Pauline, and part of that dehumanization takes the form of refusing to look into her eyesbecause if they did, they would see her looking back at them, and encounter Pauline's undeniable humanness and her status as a subject (as opposed to purely an object). ", "Opinion The difficult truths behind 'Dunkirk', The Maginot Line (French/English/German/Italian), Fortress of Schoenenbourg, (French/English/German/Italian), The U.S. Army vs. [2] French and British officers had anticipated the geographical limits of the Maginot Line; when Germany invaded the Netherlands and Belgium, they carried out plans to form an aggressive front that cut across Belgium and connected to the Maginot Line. For the girls, their mother's word is law: they dislike Marie based on their mother's dislike of Marie. Over time, she begins to devote all of her energy to taking care of the Fishers' home, and neglects her own home. 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