In 1805, he set out on a second expedition, sponsored by the British Government, to follow the Niger to the sea. In case of resistance by one of its friends the other would join hands to mount formidable resistance against colonial rule e.g. In the Bight of Biafra, the major ports were Old Calabar (Akwa Akpa), Bonny and New Calabar. As a philosophical movement and critical . Rebellions Against Colonial Rule Before the Second World War. [78], After establishing political control of the country, the British implemented a system of taxation in order to force the indigenous Africans to shift from subsistence farming to wage labour. Bolivian indigenous activist Ivan Ignacio, one of many indigenous activists at the second People's Summit in Qubec . Anietie A. Inyang & Manasseh Edidem Bassey, "Imperial Treaties and the Origins of British Colonial Rule in Southern Nigeria, 18601890". By. In 1929, this incident in Nigeria later became one of the reasons for the fight against colonial rule in Africa A) The Nigerian Oil crisis B) The Aba Women's Revolt C) . In 1946 a new constitution was approved by the British Parliament at Westminster and promulgated in Nigeria. [77] Its revenue quickly increased, from 4,424 in 1901 to 274,989 in 1910. [49], Concrete plans for transition to Crown ruledirect control by the British Governmentapparently began in 1897. [11], Britain's imperialistic posture became more aggressive towards the end of the century. The nationalism that became a political factor in Nigeria during the interwar period derived both from an older political particularism and broad pan-Africanism, rather than from any sense among the people of a common Nigerian nationality. He was aware that the Muslim north would present problems, but he had hopes for progress along the lines which he laid down in the south, where he anticipated "general emancipation" leading to a more representative form of government. One 1885 treaty read: We, the undersigned King and Chiefs [] with the view to the bettering of the condition of our country and people, do this day cede to the National Africa Company (Limited), their heirs and assigns, forever, the whole of our territory [] We also give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to settle all native disputes arising from any cause whatever, and we pledge ourselves not to enter into any war with other tribes without the sanction of the said National Africa Company (Limited). Background: Attitudes Towards Policing The period from the mid-1800s to the early 1900s marked the zenith of imperial rule in Africa. . During the war, the colonial government earmarked a large portion of the Nigerian budget as a contribution to imperial defence. Some of them also manned Company stations and served as District Agents.". Discover how the Mandinka Empire, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, and Nigeria resisted European colonists and the impact each conflict had. [11], By the 1880s, the National African Company became the dominant commercial power, increasing from 19 to 39 stations between 1882 and 1893. Selected petitions and written correspondence between Igbo women and British officials between 1892 and 1960 shed fresh light on how women navigated . Lugard, replacing Egerton as Governor, aborted the project in May 1913. Slaves formerly had been traded for European goods, especially guns and gunpowder, but now the British encouraged trade in palm oil in the Niger delta states, ostensibly to replace the trade in slaves. The decrease in trade indirectly led to the collapse of states like the Edo Empire. Initial British attempts to open trade with the interior by way of the Niger could not overcome climate and diseases such as malaria. Focusing on Britain and Africa, this looks at the growth of anti-colonial resistance and opposition to racism in the prelude to the post-colonial era. The economy suffered from the decline in the slave trade, although considerable smuggling of slaves to the Americas continued for years afterward. Sometimes forced labour was used directly for public works projects. [72] In line with this attitude, he rejected Lugard's proposal for moving the capital from Lagos, the stronghold of the elite in whom he placed so much confidence for the future. The conference drafted the terms of a new constitution. Whereas Lugard had applied lessons learned in the north to the administration of the south, Clifford was prepared to extend to the north practices that had been successful in the south. Among the problems needing attention before the British would grant full independence was the minorities fear of discrimination by a future government based on majority ethnic groups. Dike, K. O. This study examines the nature of various economic activities of the Adamawa emirate during the pre-colonial period. [59], Following the order recommended by the Niger Committee, the Colonial Office merged Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate on 1 May 1906, forming a larger protectorate (still called the Southern Nigeria Protectorate) which spanned the coastline between Dahomey and Cameroon. [73] The spread of the disease was quick and deadly, with an estimated 1.5% of the population of Lagos falling victim. With the exception of Brandenburg-Prussia's short-lived attempt to gain a foothold on the West African coast and to participate in the 17th-century transatlantic slave trade, German colonialism began only in the 1880s. In these territories, violent resistance brought colonial rule to a close. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. Robin Hermann, "Empire Builders and Mushroom Gentlemen: The Meaning of Money in Colonial Nigeria". By 18261850, the British Royal Navy was intervening significantly with Lagos slave exports. The discussion of pragmatic resistance in Africa comes full circle with the former Portuguese colonies, South Africa, and Kenya. Decolonization - Jan C. Jansen 2019-06-11 The end of colonial rule in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean was one of the most (This was also reflective of growing pan-Africanism among American activists of the time.) To be sure, there were widespread resistances against colonial rule, which include the 'Abd al-Qadir led resistance against the French in Algeria, the Asante King (Prempeh I) led revolt against British colonialists in Ghana, the Maji Maji revolt in Tanganyika, the Ndebele rebellions in Rhodasia, the Ijebu Kingdom and the Opobo resistances in . Early on in colonial rule, for example, Nigerians protested the manner in which water rates and head taxes were collected. The Lander brothers were seized by slave traders in the interior and sold down the river to a waiting European ship. By the 1820s, the British had made connections . Portuguese Roman Catholic priests who accompanied traders and officials to the West African coast introduced Christianity to the Edo Empire in the fifteenth century. In the 1700s, the British Empire and other European powers had settlements and forts in West Africa but had not yet established the full-scale plantation colonies which existed in the Americas. Nigerian delegates were selected to represent each region and to reflect various shades of opinion. Critics, including representatives of the Middle Belt who resented Muslim domination, were relegated to small, peripheral parties or to inconsequential separatist movements.[85]. In Nigeria, the British colonial administration found perhaps the longest-lasting resistance movement. After 1940, political activities were broadened to include more people. Like in other countries under imperialist rule, colonialism in Nigeria resulted in numerous positive and negative impacts. These organisations were primarily urban phenomena that arose after numerous rural migrants moved to the cities. Acephalous . In some instances, however, a double allegianceto the idea of sacred monarchy for its symbolic value and to modern concepts of law and administrationwas maintained. Although he reported on the eastward flow of the Niger, he was forced to turn back when his equipment was lost to Muslim Arab slave traders. Britain withdrew from the slave trade when it was the major transporter of slaves to the Americas. It was a relatively simple adjustment for many Igbo families to transport the oil to rivers and streams that led to the Niger Delta for sale to European merchants. The essential basis of this system was a money economyspecifically the British pound sterlingwhich could be demanded through taxation, paid to cooperative natives, and levied as a fine. European colonialists had managed to quell the efforts by Africans to resist the establishment of colonial rule with one exception. The impact of colonialism in Nigeria could be discussed under political, economic, social, educational and religious aspects. Nigerian recruits participated in the war effort as labourers and soldiers. [70], Lugard's immediate successor (19191925), Sir Hugh Clifford, was an aristocratic professional administrator with liberal instincts who had won recognition for his enlightened governorship of the Gold Coast in 19121919. Revolts in against water rates and the alienation of indigenous land in 1908 and 1911 served to unite native African elites and working class residents. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1921. During World War II, Awolowo reorganized it as a predominantly Yoruba political party, the Action Group. By a British Act of Parliament, Nigeria became independent on 1 October 1960. ", Tamuno, T. N. (1970). British merchants led the trade in palm oil, while the Portuguese and others continued the slave trade. Some of the treaties contained prohibitions on diplomacy conducted without British permission, or other promises to abide by British rule. On January 1, 1914, following the recommendations of Sir Frederick Lugard, the two protectorates were amalgamated to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria under a single governor-general resident in Lagos. Although his own ambitions were limited to the Northern Region, Bello backed the NPC's successful efforts to mobilize the north's large voting strength so as to win control of the national government. Joining the Royal Niger Company in 1894, Lugard was sent to Borgu to counter inroads made by the French, and in 1897 he was made responsible for raising the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) from local levies to serve under British officers. Despite conquering villages by burning houses and crops, continual political control over the Igbo remained elusive. British colonialism created Nigeria, joining diverse peoples and regions in an artificial political entity along the Niger River. As the emirs settled more and more into their role as reliable agents of indirect rule, colonial authorities were content to maintain the status quo, particularly in religious matters. In the north, for instance, legislation took the form of a decree cosigned by the Governor and the emir, while in the south, the Governor sought the approval of the Legislative Council. ", Simon Heap, "'We think prohibition is a farce': drinking in the alcohol-prohibited zone of colonial northern Nigeria. [74] But with the advancement and efficiency of colonial transportation networks, it was only a matter of time before the disease began to spread into the interior. The Action Group consistently supported minority-group demands for autonomous states within a federal structure, as well as the severance of a midwest state from the Western Region. Between 1919 and 1954 the title reverted to governor. He shows that, long before the growth of a mass independence movement in the wake of the second world war, there was considerable opposition to colonial rule. Ist October, 2010, marks The 50th anniversary of Nigeria's independence from imperial Britain. The British entry into World War I saw the confiscation of Nigerian palm oil firms operated by expatriates from the Central Powers. The legal justification for this campaign was a treaty signed in 1886, when the British had interceded as peacemakers to end the Ekiti Parapo war, which imposed free trade requirements and mandated that all parties continue to use British channels for diplomacy. Local leaders, cognizant of the situation in the West Indies, India, and elsewhere, recognised the risks of British expansion. Exploration was intensified in 1946, but the first commercial discovery did not occur until 1956, at Olobiri in the Niger Delta. Beginning in the 1920s, a number of Nigerians joined other Blacks in various parts of the world to embark on the wider project of Pan-Africanism, which sought to liberate Black people from racism and European domination. His political platform called for economic and educational development, Africanization of the civil service, and self-government for Lagos. Northern leaders committed to modernization were also firmly connected to the traditional power structure. Despite these difficulties, the Action Group rapidly built an effective organisation. In consideration of the foregoing, the said National African Company (Limited) bind themselves not to interfere with any of the native laws or customs of the country, consistently with the maintenance of order and good government [and] agree to pay native owners of land a reasonable amount for any portion they may require. Macaulay was despised by the British, but he came to be regarded as the father of modern Nigerian nationalism.. (Specifically it would enable direct subsidy of the less profitable Northern jurisdiction.) His government guided the country for the next three years, operating with almost complete autonomy in internal affairs. The British, when faced with dissent, tended to grant political reforms in an effort to dispel the attractiveness of more-radical . They had obtained the assent of the emirs to form a political party to counterbalance the activities of the southern-based parties. The Action Group was largely the creation of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, General Secretary of Egbe Omo Oduduwa and leader of the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association. Three constitutions were enacted from 1946 to 1954. Lagos became a major slave port in the late 1700s and into the 1850s. 1324 Words6 Pages. The pulpits of the independent congregations became avenues for the free expression of critics of colonial rule. Some European traders switched to legitimate business only when the commerce in slaves became too hazardous. [43][44] The British forces began annual pacification missions to convince the locals of British supremacy. After the Berlin Conference of 1884, Britain announced the formation of the Oil Rivers Protectorate, which included the Niger Delta and extended eastward to Calabar, where the British Consulate General was relocated from Fernando Po. The Sokoto jihad and the Yoruba wars stimulated the slave trade at a time when the British were actively trying to stop it. The forces unleashed against the British were now diverse, including soldiers who had served in World War II, the media, restless youth, market women, educated people, and farmers, all of whom became committed to the anticolonial movement. The search for oil, begun in 1908 and abandoned a few years later, was revived in 1937 by Shell and British Petroleum. How did British keep Nigerians from developing organized political resistance. Although there was strong resistance from natives against the British, it was all crushed by the British. It is not a personal union of separate colonies under the same Governor like the Windwards, it is not a Confederation of States. The Colony was ultimately governed by the British Colonial Office in London. At the turn of the century, top wages were four bags of salt (company retail price, 3s 9d) for a month of work. Colonization of Nigeria. The exploitation of the women's work led to resistance movements and led the women to develop more political awareness and engage in and aid existing decolonization movements. Examples of passive resistance include complex and/or costly application processes, a failure to provide guidance on how to request information, or enforcement mechanisms that are difficult to use. Under Goldie's direction, the Royal Niger Company was instrumental in depriving France and Germany of access to the region. [40] By 1893, most of the other political entities in Yorubaland recognised the practical necessity of signing another treaty with the British, this one explicitly joining them with the protectorate of Lagos. Amalgamation of Nigeria was envisioned from early on in its governance, as is made clear by the report of the Niger Committee in 1898. A lack of interest in extending the NPC beyond the Northern Region corresponded to this strictly regional orientation. Algeria fought back and eventually was granted self rule and nigeria was put down and never got independance. Balewa formed a coalition government that included the Action Group as well as the NCNC to prepare the country for the final British withdrawal. Nigerian students abroad, particularly at British schools, joined those from other colonies in pan-African groups such as the West African Students Union, founded in London in 1925. Nigeria is a country in West Africa and was colonized by the British. Quiz. With one man in practical control of the Executive and Legislative organs of all the parts, the machine may work passably for sufficient time to enable the transition period to be left behind, by which time the answer to the problemUnitary v. Federal Statewill probably have become clear. This line was extended to Oshogbo, 100 kilometres (62mi) away, in 19051907, and to Zungeru and Minna in 19081911. British staffs in each region continued to operate according to procedures developed before unification. A more representative system did not appear until 1946, when each geographic group of provinces had its own House of Assembly, with a majority of nonofficial (though not yet all elected) members; there were also a House of Chiefs and, in Lagos, a central Legislative Council. [82], Oil exploration began in 1906 under John Simon Bergheim's Nigeria Bitumen Corporation, to which the Colonial Office granted exclusive rights. of British Colonial Nigeria. Nigeria officially became a democracy on its independence from Britain in October 1960. For some time, missionaries operated in the area between Lagos and Ibadan. Azikiwe had less interest in purely Nigerian goals than did Davies, a student of Harold Laski at the London School of Economics, whose political orientation was considered left-wing. In the 1870s, therefore, George Taubman Goldie began amalgamating companies into the United African Company, soon renamed the National African Company. He definitely laid the basis for British claims. Trained as an army officer, he had served in India, Egypt and East Africa, where he expelled Arab slave traders from Nyasaland and established British presence in Uganda. The NPC, entering candidates only in the Northern Region, confined campaigning largely to local issues but opposed the addition of new regimes. Broadening political participation and expanding educational opportunities and other social services also were viewed as threats to the status quo. As a further step toward independence, the Governor's Executive Council was merged with the Council of Ministers in 1957 to form the all-Nigerian Federal Executive Council. 1. If an eye is kept on the Gazettes as they come in this will enable us to warn him of any objections we may entertain to legislative proposals, and also give Liverpool and Manchester an opportunity of voicing their objections. The Royal Navy bombarded Lagos in November 1851, ousted the pro-slavery Oba Kosoko and established a treaty with the newly installed Oba Akintoye, who was expectedly more amenable to British interests. Decolonization Resource Collection (National History Center) Less Scrambling, more Reflecting: Teaching about colonialism in Africa from the perspective of resistance by Bram Hubbel, February 9, 2019. Gradually, however, the trade forced major economic and social changes in the interior, although it hardly undermined slavery and the slave trade. Economic links among the regions increased, but indirect rule tended to discourage political interchange. In the year 1901, Nigeria officially became a part of the huge British Empire. Demanding immediate self-government, the Action Group was opposed by the Northern Peoples Congress (NPC), which was composed largely of northerners and headed by several leaders, including Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. [56], Walter Egerton's sixfold agenda for 1908, as detailed on 29 November 1907, in a telegram to the Colonial Office, is representative of British priorities. September 1996. [11] In 1891, the African Banking Corporation founded the Bank of British West Africa in Lagos.[33]. The NPC platform emphasized the integrity of the north, its traditions, religion and social order. Although the capital was not moved, Lugard's bias in favour of the Muslim north was clear at the time. The trade subsequently continued under the Portuguese Empire. Despite his somewhat successful efforts to enlist non-Yoruba support, the regionalist sentiment that had stimulated the party initially continued. In 1850, the British created a "Court of Equity" at Bonny, overseen by Beecroft, which would deal with trade disputes. The colonial period proper in Nigeria lasted from 1900 to 1960, after which Nigeria gained its independence. Ethnic cleavages intensified in the 1950s. Unification meant only the loose affiliation of three distinct regional administrations into which Nigeria was subdividedNorthern, Western and Eastern regions. [73], Africa as a whole was hit by three waves of H1N1 influenza A, the first and second would be the most deadly for the colony of Nigeria. It, therefore, hired native intermediaries who could conduct diplomacy, trade and intelligence work in the local area. In 1900, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate passed from company hands to the Crown. Awolowo had little difficulty in appealing to broad segments of the Yoruba population, but he worked to avoid the Action Group from being stigmatized as a "tribal" group. [67], The Colonial Office, where Lugard was still held in high regard, accepted that changes might be due in the south, but it forbade fundamental alteration of procedures in the north. [73] The colonial government would enact new legislation in reaction to the pandemic including, travel passes for individuals in the colony, increased usage of sanitary practices, and door to door checks on indigenous Nigerian households. Balewa was called on to head an NPC-NCNC coalition government, and Awolowo became the official leader of the opposition. The most striking departure was in the Northern Region, where special provisions brought the regional constitution into consonance with Islamic law and custom. A.J. Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. On a subsequent expedition to the Sokoto Caliphate, Scottish explorer Hugh Clapperton learned about the mouth of the Niger River, and where it reached the sea, but after suffering malaria, depression and dysentery, he died before confirming it. Bright Alozie. Palm oil was used locally for cooking, the kernels were a source for food, trees were tapped for palm wine, and the fronds were used for building material. THE COLONIAL ECONOMIC LEGACY. Author. Alienated by the anonymity of the urban environment and drawn together by ties to their ethnic homelandsas well as by the need for mutual aidthe new city dwellers formed local clubs that later expanded into federations covering whole regions. The influx of cowrie led to inflation. British business interests wanted to use this to create a monopoly over the industry, but Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's Liberal government and subsequent war coalition favored allowing international free trade. Agents also collected intelligence for the colonial officials; they gathered information on public opinion and the military resources of the local polities; they also spied on rival colonial forces in foreign territories. It is not a federal state with federal Executive, Legislature and finances, like the Leewards. Any activity in the north that might include participation by the federal government (and consequently by southern civil servants) was regarded as a challenge to the primacy of the emirates. Samori Ture 7. . They, in turn, have by defeat lost their rule which has come into the hands of the British. Significantly, Macauley's NNDP remained almost entirely a Lagos party, popular only in the area whose people already had experience in elective politics. With this victory, the British went on to conquer the rest of Yorubaland, which had also been weakened by sixteen years of civil war. By the end of World War I, most of Africa had been effectively colonized. Three years later internal divisions arose that was dominated by major ethnic loyalties. In 1794, the African Association in Great Britain commissioned Mungo Park, an intrepid Scottish physician and naturalist, to search for the headwaters of the Niger and follow the river downstream. A third type of organisation that was more pointedly political was the youth or student group, which became the vehicle of intellectuals and professionals. In the south the British occasionally created a political hierarchy where there had been none before; in most cases they ruled through those who were most malleable, whether these people had held traditional positions of authority or not. 22. In her . Britain outlawed slavery in 1807 and pushed for forms of "legitimate commerce" such as palm oil and cotton, and in so doing developed an internal infrastructure to facilitate these markets. The southern protectorate was divided into two provinces in 1939Western and Easternand in 1954 they, along with the northern protectorate, were renamed the Western, Eastern, and Northern regions as part of Nigerias reconstruction into a federal state. [18], In 1807, the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted the Slave Trade Act, prohibiting British subjects from participating in the Atlantic slave trade. Hausa was recognised as an official language in the north, and knowledge of it was expected of colonial officers serving there. The rapid growth of organised labour in the 1940s also brought new political forces into play. British influence in the Niger area increased gradually over the 19th century, but Britain did not effectively occupy the area until 1885. The slave trade was heaviest in the period 17001850, with an average of 76,000 people taken from Africa each year between 1783 and 1792. And other social services also were viewed as threats to the sea diverse! The traditional power structure in case of resistance by one of many indigenous activists at the second World I! Beyond the Northern region, where special provisions brought the regional constitution into consonance with Islamic law and.... Continued to operate according to procedures developed Before unification independent on 1 October 1960, Empire! Firmly connected to the Crown ( Akwa Akpa ), Bonny and new Calabar period from the Powers... Activist Ivan Ignacio, one of many indigenous activists at the time and officials to the collapse of.. Until 1956, at Olobiri in the slave trade when it was of... In other countries under imperialist rule, for example, Nigerians protested the manner which... Services also were viewed as threats to the early 1900s marked the of! Early on in colonial Nigeria '' indigenous activists at the second World War I, most Africa... Expanding educational opportunities and other social services also were viewed as threats to the.. 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