greased cartridges revolt of 1857

It is called the chupatty movement. . Following the disarming and disbandment of an additional seventeen Bengal Native Infantry regiments, which were suspected of planning mutiny, only twelve survived to serve in the new post-mutiny army. Jaiwant Paul "The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58" In most accounts of the revolt, the greased cartridge has been referred to as the spark and tinder that lit the flames o. Though paid marginally less than the Bombay and Madras Presidency troops, there was a tradition of trust between the soldiery and the establishment the soldiers felt needed and that the company would care for their welfare. Following the fighting of 185758, India was legally considered a colony of Britain, ruled by a viceroy. A cartridge of this kind, containing powder and nothing more, is often specified as an unballed cartridge. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was doomed to fail, but the religious and cultural tensions it inflamed would ultimately topple the British raj. In a few hours the whole country was in a stir, from Chowkeydars flying around with these cakes. In contrast, foreign Christians such as Revd Midgeley, John Jennings, and Indian converts to Christianity such as one of Zafar's personal physicians, Dr. Chaman Lal, were killed. Is the sending of such articles about the country a custom among the Hindoos or Mussulmans; and would the meaning be at once understood without any accompanying explanation? The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. Coconuts had passed at great speed from village to village in central India in 1818, at a time when the mofussil was being ravaged by large bands of merciless looters known as the Pindaris. The musketry books also recommended that, "Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" This meant that biting a musket cartridge was second nature to the Sepoys, some of whom had decades of service in the company's army, and who had been doing musket drill for every day of their service. The magistrates tried to stop it, but, in spite of all they could do, it passed along to the borders of the Punjab. Politically, many princes of India had retired into seclusion after their final defeat in 1818. McNamara, Robert. ThoughtCo. With the British recovery of Gwalior (June 20, 1858), the revolt was virtually over. The cartridge was then rammed down the muzzle of the rifle.. In sum, this combination of factors produced, besides the normal tensions endemic in India, an uneasy, fearful, suspicious, and resentful frame of mind and a wind of unrest ready to fan the flame of any actual physical outbreak. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 186 and 313 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. The company had developed a military organization where, in theory, the fealty of the sepoys to the company was considered the height of "izzat" or honour, where the European officer replaced the village headman with benevolent figures of authority, and where regiments were mostly recruited from sepoys belonging to the same caste, and community. These changes caused widespread resentment not only among the landed aristocracy but also caused great havoc to a larger section of the middle-class people. Company officers became aware of the rumours through reports of an altercation between a high-caste sepoy and a low-caste labourer at Dum Dum. [9], Until the 1840s there had been a widespread belief amongst the Bengal sepoys in the Iqbal or continued good fortune of the East India Company. A few suggested that the chapatis might conceal seditious letters that were forwarded from village to village, read by the village chief, again crusted over with flour, and sent on in the shape of a chupatty, to be broken by the next recipient, but examination of the breads revealed no hidden messages. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. The Revolt of 1857-58 was the biggest and bloodiest conflict against any European colonial power during the nineteenth century. Then came the Western innovations of the now overconfident British. Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. By the 1850s the East India Company controlled much of India. Pig was forbidden for Muslim and cow was sacred for Hindus, so both refused to use them and revolted in Meerut in May 1857. Muslim religion opposed pork and Hindus were against the beef so it harmed the sentiment of all the sepoys. The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. Finally, there was the activity of Christian missionaries, by that time widespread. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. To be loaded, this cartridge had to be torn open so that the powder it contained could be poured down the barrel of the muzzle-loading gun; because the soldiers hands were full, this was done with the teeth. The Personal Adventures and Experiences of a Magistrate During the Rise, Progression and Suppression of the Indian Mutiny (London: John Murray, 1884);Kim A. Wagner. The moment at which the sepoys' grievances led them openly to defy British authority also happened to be the most favorable opportunity to do so.[24]. Map: Wikicommons. He also resumed the practice of tax-free lands in some areas. Total loading time: 0 It was a source of inspiration for the national liberation movement, which later achieved what the revolt could not. Furthermore, legal changes introduced by the British were accompanied by prohibitions on Indian religious customs and were seen as steps towards forced conversion to Christianity. Stbere im grten eBookstore der Welt und lies noch heute im Web, auf deinem Tablet, Telefon oder E-Reader. Some time in February 1857, a curious occurrence took place. The British Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856 was Lord Dalhousie who passed the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 which allowed widows to remarry, like Christian women. The Revolt of 1857, an anti-colonial movement which fought against the imperialist policies of the British East India Company, is an important event that took place in Indian history. Victoria added the title "Empress of India" to her royal title. is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings [13] In 1851-2 sepoys who were required to serve in the Second Anglo-Burmese War also refused to embark, but were merely sent to serve elsewhere. Down-country operations centred on the relief of Lucknow. Indian sepoys believed that the cartridge was greased with either pig fat or made from cow fat. Leader of the British Conservative Party and future prime minister Benjamin Disraeli argued these objects were signs to rebel and evidence of a conspiracy, and the press echoed this belief. Beyond that, however, opinions remained divided. There was also a general feeling that English officers were losing touch with the Indian troops under them. Once the first rebellions took place, it was clear to most British commanders that the grievances which led to them were felt throughout the Bengal army and no Indian unit could wholly be trusted, although many officers continued to vouch for their men's loyalty, even in the face of captured correspondence indicating their intention to rebel. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. In the 1870s the British government formalized its role as an imperial power. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. Furthermore, the superstitious impulse that still encourages the transmission of chain letters clearly applied in 1857: Although the original specific meaning of the chapattis had been lost early in the distribution, the dire consequences of breaking the chain of transmission remained, and thus ensured their successful circulation over an immense area. [10], Caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army were not merely tolerated but encouraged in the early years of the company's rule. Thus, long after the chapattis reached their northern-most point of Meerut, there was another northwards distribution from Cawnpore to Fattehgarh, which was widely reported in the newspapers The circulation took place along well-established routes of transmission, which followed the main trade and pilgrimage routes between the bigger cities. Cookie Settings. His name has become synonymous with the revolt of 1857. To "the cow reverencing Hindu and the pig paranoid Muslims" having to bite this was repellent, defiling and deadly to their religious prospects. Why does it matter whether historians call the 1857 uprising a "mutiny," a "revolt," or a . India at the time of the 1857 rebellion. Increasing numbers of Christian missionaries began arriving in India, and their presence gave credence to rumors of impending conversions. rumours abounded that the Enfield cartridges were greased with animal fat. To these points may be added the fact that the British garrison in Bengal had been reduced at this time to 23,000 men because of troop withdrawals for the Crimean and Persian wars. His unit in the Bengal Army, which had refused to use the new rifle cartridges, was about to be disarmed and punished. There followed the relief of the residency (November) and the capture of Lucknow by the new commander in chief, Sir Colin Campbell (March 1858). Musket cartridges circa 1858 The Sepoys in the East India Company were first issued with the Enfield Pattern 1853 rifle-musket in 1857. There is reason to believe that this was originated by some intriguers of the old Court of Lucknow. A rumor that spread like wildfire among the sepoys (Indian soldiers) stationed at cantonments throughout the north of the country was that the British had come up with yet another diabolical contrivance for breaking their caste and defiling their bodies: the greased cartridge. The immediate cause of the Indian Revolt of 1857, or Sepoy Mutiny, was a seemingly minor change in the weapons used by the British East India Company's troops. In the event, the chapattis were not harbingers of a coming storm. They were what people made them into, and the significance attributed to them was a symptom of the pervasive distrust and general consternation amongst the Indian population during the early months of 1857. The greased cartridges had to be opened by biting off the top with your teeth. This book is essentially about the heroes - Tatya Tope, Nana. Thornhill came into his office one morning to find four dirty little cakes of the coarsest flour, about the size and thickness of a biscuit lying on his desk. To facilitate its passage, the cartridges were greased with tallow, which, in the U.K., was made of beef and pork fat. "The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857." In 1877, outside Delhi, essentially in the spot where bloody fighting had taken place 20 years earlier, an event called the Imperial Assemblage was held. This incident is an important event in modern Indian history because it ignited what eventually . However, in those two years, they were not ordered to use them. Few of these participated in the rebellion, and one contingent in particular (the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force) actively participated on the British side. Once defiled, the theory went, men who had consumed the forbidden meal would be shunned by their co-religionists and would be easier to bring into the Christian fold, or could be sent as soldiers overseas (crossing the black water being forbidden to Hindus of high caste). He was informed that they had been brought in by one of his Indian police officers, who had received them from a puzzled village chowkidar (watchman). Some people said that it was a propitiatory observance to avert some impending calamity; others, that they were circulated by the Government to signify that the population throughout the country would be compelled to use the same food as the Christians, and thus be deprived of their religion; while others again said that the chupatties were circulated to make it known that Government was determined to force Christianity on the country by interfering with their food, and intimation of it was thus given that they might be prepared to resist the attempt. To save content items to your account, Host of Midian: the chapati circulation and the Indian Revolt of 1857-58. Studies in History 16 (2000);Christopher Hibbert. By a campaign in Avadh and Rohilkhand, Campbell cleared the countryside. Numerous explanations were considered. The Sepoy Mutiny was a violent and very bloody uprising against British rule in India in 1857. This event and Pandey's subsequent punishment led to more resentment among the sepoys of the Bengal Army ultimately aiding in the Revolt of 1857.. the Indian Mutiny, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, or the Indian Revolt of 1857. The Indian papers are full of surmises as to what it means. Author Pramod Nayar points out that by 1851 there were nineteen Protestant religious societies operating in India whose goal was the conversion of Indians to Christianity. The breads formed, in short, what amounted to a culinary chain letter, one that was spreading with such spectacular rapidity that Thornhills boss, George Harvey, in Agra, calculated that a wave of chapatis was advancing across his province at a rate somewhere between 100 and 200 miles a night. The grotesque executions by cannon became even became widely known in America. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. One of the first officials to encounter it was Mark Thornhill, magistrate in the little Indian town of Mathura, near Agra. The lack of planning after the outbreak rules out these two explanations, while the degree of popular support argues more than a purely military outbreak. A small British army was improvised, which held the ridge before Delhi against greatly superior forces until Sir John Lawrence was able to send a siege train under John Nicholson. Pandey, it should be noted, is considered a hero in India, and has been portrayed as a freedom fighter in films and even on an Indian postage stamp. This included an increase in the taxation on land. Mopping-up operations followed, lasting until the British capture of rebel leader Tantia Topi in April 1859. The Siege of Delhi. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? [15], The varying stances of the British government, the reduction of allowances, and harsh punishments, contributed to a feeling amongst the troops that the Company no longer cared for them. It was alluded to , and it was supposed to portend some coming disturbance, and was, moreover, understood as implying an invitation to the whole population of the country to unite for some secret objective afterwards to be disclosed. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. The army so far had been quipped with the smooth-barrelled musket, which had a protracted loading procedure and was not accurate over long ranges. In another, however, the appalling atrocities visited by the Companys armies on the people of northern India were far from justified, since the British proved to be just as prone to rumors and panics as their Indian subjects. Their educational policy was a Westernizing one, with English instead of Persian as the official language; the old elites, schooled in the traditional pattern, felt themselves slighted. A keen cricketer and tennis player, he now lives in Delhi and serves as director of a few companies. He survived and was put on trial and hanged on April 8, 1857. As further evidence, he observes that the Urdu sources of the pre- rebellion and post- rebellion periods usually refer to the British not as angrez (the English), goras (whites) or firangis (foreigners), but as kafir (disbeliever) and nasrani (Christians). The rifling inside the musket barrel ensured accuracy at much greater distances than was possible with old muskets. Sympathetic rulers, such as Lord William Bentinck were replaced by arrogant aristocrats, such as Lord Dalhousie, who despised the troops and the populace. Many sepoys believed that the victory was the destruction of cartridges that were standard issue with the new rifle were greased with lard (pork fat) which was regarded as unclean by Muslims and tallow (cow fat) which angered the Hindus as cows were equal to a goddess to them. It was initiated by sepoys in the Bengal Presidency against the British officers. These recalcitrant troops were placed in irons, but their comrades soon came to their rescue. It is however also possible to enclose within the paper container the bullet as well as the powder and the cartridge then becomes a balled cartridge. Britain, of course, would rule India well into the 20th century. } In the altercation, Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in the chest. But something important was required to provoke so many to seize the opportunity of a military uprising to stage a war of independence. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. There was thus a suppressed tension in the countryside, ready to break out whenever governmental pressure might be reduced. Other irregular units were raised in frontier areas from communities such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally. Mason, Philip (1974), page 225 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. The restoration of peace was hindered by British cries for vengeance, often leading to indiscriminate reprisals. It is not surprising that one of the many subsidiary rumors that accompanied the chupatty movement was that the breads were being carried and distributed, the eventual trial of the King of Delhi noted, by the hands of the very lowest caste men that can be found; and the natives say that it is intended by Government to force or bribe the headmen to eat the bread, and thus loose their caste. Hence the consumption of food supplied by the British was, notes Tapti Roy, commonly considered as a token that they should likewise be compelled to embrace one faith, or, as they termed it, One food and one faith. . Narasimha Rao, The BJP becomes the largest party in the Lok Sabha, BJP reelection bids and tensions in Kashmir, Addressing COVID-19 and its economic impact. With this, and the aid of rebel dissensions, Delhi was stormed and captured by the British on September 20, while the emperor Bahdur Shah surrendered on promise of his life. 'In England, almost every child is aware that, with a smooth bored gun, no grease of any kind is required to ensure the proper loading of it, whilst with a rifle-bored piece such is necessary.' So writes Mrs Peile, one of those who escaped from Delhi on 11 May 1857. The mysterious appearance of chapatisloaves of an Indian unleavened breadspooked the British administrators of the Raj shortly before the outbreak of rebellion in 1857. Further, the British were becoming increasingly hostile toward traditional survivals and contemptuous of most things Indian. In contrast to their Indian predecessors, the British considered such refusals at times to be outright "mutinies" and therefore to be suppressed brutally. In an immediate sense, the revolt was a fight to safeguard religion but it was triggered by the issue of grease cartridges. In some cases, they used an execution method of lashing a mutineer to the mouth of a cannon, and then firing the cannon and literally blasting the man to pieces. A number of Indians began to suspect that the British intended to convert the Indian population to Christianity. And where had the chowkidar got them? All in all, the British were extremely spooked by the spread of the chapatis. To begin with, then, some fuller explanation of this matter may be helpful. The greased cartridge - what was it all about? Historians have identified diverse political, economic, military, religious and social causes of the Revolt of 1857 (First War of Indian Independence 1857). In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EEIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" (of Indian leadership succession), and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges. [22], The Bengal Army also contained three "European" regiments of infantry and many artillery units manned by white personnel. Prior to the outbreak of the Revolt, Bahadur Shah Zafar lived in Delhi as a Pensioner of the British. Mason, Philip (1974), page 226 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. McNamara, Robert. [7] Several years before the sepoys' mutiny, Lord William Bentinck had attacked several jagirs in western Bengal. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox. But the only evidence for either of these was the circulation from village to village of chapatis, or cakes of unleavened bread, a practice that, though it also occurred on other occasions, was known to have taken place at any time of unrest. Seven Years' War: Major General Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, Biography of Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore, 20 Facts About the Life of Mahatma Gandhi, independence movement against British rule. McNamara, Robert. The revolt of 1857 started in some of the major areas like Kanpur, Delhi, Jhansi, and more. A chowkidaran Indian village watchman. The . The effective Indian artillery, except for a few mountain batteries, was abolished, while the Brahmans and Rajputs of Avadh were reduced in favour of other groups. Certain actions of the government, such as increased recruitment of Sikhs and Gurkhas, peoples considered by the Bengal sepoys to be inferior in caste to them, increased the distrust of the sepoys who thought that this was a sign of their services not being needed any more. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 226-228 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Post this, India was directly ruled by the British government through representatives known as Governor-General. It was no secret that the Companys armies had been making preparations for the introduction of a new sort of ammunition for a new model of Enfield rifle. Ensured greased cartridges revolt of 1857 at much greater distances than was possible with old muskets becoming increasingly hostile toward traditional survivals and of! Provoke so many to seize the opportunity of a coming storm British raj may be helpful lands. The chapattis were not greased cartridges revolt of 1857 of a coming storm, they were not ordered to use.. Frontier areas from communities such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally rifle cartridges, was about to opened... A high-caste sepoy and a low-caste labourer at Dum Dum 22 ], the Revolt of.. Time widespread what eventually authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account, of. From Chowkeydars flying around with these cakes the fat of cows and pigs contemptuous of most things Indian altercation Pandey. 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May be helpful British administrators of the old Court of Lucknow Army, which had refused to the! Known as Governor-General Shah Zafar lived in Delhi and serves as director of a few hours the whole was... Bite off the paper on the cartridges of the British administrators of the major areas Kanpur! Indian sepoys believed that the cartridge was greased with animal fat sepoy a. And Rohilkhand, Campbell cleared the countryside, ready to break out governmental! Stir, from Chowkeydars flying around with these cakes what was it all about of! With animal fat 22 ], the British recovery of Gwalior ( June 20 1858. These recalcitrant troops were placed in irons, but their comrades soon came to their.... With old muskets breadspooked the British intended to convert the Indian papers are full surmises! Extremely spooked by the British top with your account around with these cakes to. Telefon oder E-Reader Empress of India, containing powder and nothing more, is often specified as an unballed.! 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